singularity

singularity 🔎

用户问题

│postgres=# \l │ │ List of databases │ │ Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype | Access privileges │ │————-+———-+———-+————-+————-+———————– │ │ postgres | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | │ │ supertokens | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | │ │ template0 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + │ │ | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres │ │ template1 | postgres | UTF8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | =c/postgres + │ │ | | | | | postgres=CTc/postgres │ │(4 rows)

how can i look inside the databases with psql

ChatGPT

Use \c <dbname> to connect, then \dt or \d to inspect contents:

\c supertokens    -- connect to the database
\dt               -- list tables
\d tablename      -- describe table schema
SELECT * FROM tablename LIMIT 10;  -- peek into data

You can also:

• \dn for schemas
• \dv for views
• \di for indexes

Keep it scoped—Postgres can get noisy fast.

用户问题

look inside a table

ChatGPT

Once connected (\c dbname), do:

\d+ tablename           -- show table schema with size, defaults, etc.
SELECT * FROM tablename LIMIT 10;  -- show first 10 rows

Need specific columns?

SELECT id, email FROM users LIMIT 10;

Want structure and data inline?

SELECT column_name, data_type 
FROM information_schema.columns 
WHERE table_name = 'tablename';

Use \x for expanded display if rows are wide.

用户问题

all the select * queries return nothing

ChatGPT

If SELECT * FROM tablename returns no rows:

1. Double-check the table actually exists and is non-empty:

\dt               -- list tables
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tablename;

1. Check schema context: Postgres might be defaulting to the public schema, but your table might be in another.

\dn               -- list schemas
SET search_path TO schema_name;

1. Confirm correct database:

\c                -- shows current database

1. Verify with a verbose listing:

\d+ tablename

Still stuck? Run:

SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'tablename';

If it returns nothing, the table doesn’t exist in that DB under your current search path.

用户问题

no i am getting nothing it just goes back to psql prompt

ChatGPT

Got it—if SELECT * FROM tablename; gives no error, just returns to the prompt with no rows, that means:

• The table exists
• But it’s empty

Confirm with:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tablename;

If that returns 0, it’s confirmed: no data.

You can check when rows were inserted (if tracked), or look at other tables:

\dt *.*     -- list all tables in all schemas

Or check recent writes (if any):

SELECT relname, n_tup_ins, n_tup_upd, n_tup_del
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
ORDER BY n_tup_ins DESC
LIMIT 10;

If you’re expecting data—make sure you’re in the right environment (e.g., not your dev container with a fresh DB).

用户问题

well this is a db connection over a kubectl port-forward

ChatGPT

Ah—then suspicion shifts to environment mismatch or data not persisting.

Checklist:

1. Correct Pod/Service? Are you port-forwarding to the right Postgres pod or service?

kubectl get pods -n your-namespace
kubectl port-forward pod/your-postgres-pod 5432:5432 -n your-namespace

1. Check DB volume persistence: If the pod was restarted without a persistent volume, data is gone. Look for restarts:

kubectl get pods -n your-namespace

1. Verify the data source inside the pod:

kubectl exec -it pod/your-postgres-pod -n your-namespace -- psql -U postgres -d supertokens

Run SELECT * from inside the pod. If data is missing there too—DB is empty. If data exists inside but not over the forwarded connection, it’s probably a misrouted forward.

1. Multiple instances? Possible you’re looking at a replica, or a sidecar instance used only for health checks or migrations. Run:

SHOW config_file;

Check host/IP identity:

SELECT inet_server_addr(), inet_server_port();

Let me know what you find—can zero in fast once we confirm the target.

用户问题

even from inside the pod, the queries yield precisely nothing

ChatGPT

Then it’s almost certainly this: the DB was never seeded, or its volume is ephemeral and reset on pod restart.

To confirm:

1. Check uptime/restarts

kubectl get pod your-postgres-pod -n your-namespace -o wide
kubectl describe pod your-postgres-pod -n your-namespace | grep -i restart

If it’s restarted recently and no PersistentVolumeClaim is attached, data’s gone.

2. Verify PVC binding

kubectl get pvc -n your-namespace

Look for a bound volume for Postgres. No PVC? It’s running with emptyDir or no volume—so data resets every restart.

3. Look at entrypoint/init behavior

Check if there’s a init.sql, docker-entrypoint-initdb.d, or migration job that should seed data:

kubectl get deployments,statefulsets -n your-namespace
kubectl describe deployment your-postgres-deploy -n your-namespace

Also look for Helm values or kustomize overlays that might mount initial SQL.

Conclusion

No data inside the pod = it’s not about psql, it’s about Postgres not having been initialized or its data being wiped.

Want help tracing the PVC or volumeMount setup in your deployment?

用户问题

earlier i was using metabase to connect, it was able to show me the data that was on there, and there was data in the tables, but now even metabase is erroring out

ChatGPT

That’s the key detail. Previously Metabase saw real data, now nothing works. That points to one of three likely causes:

🔥 1. Pod restarted, data wiped (no PVC)

Postgres was using emptyDir or local storage. Restart nuked all data.

Confirm with:

kubectl get pods -n your-namespace -o wide
kubectl describe pod your-postgres-pod -n your-namespace | grep -i restart
kubectl get pvc -n your-namespace

No bound PVC? Then yeah, it was ephemeral.

🌀 2. You’re connecting to a new or wrong pod

Maybe DNS/service changed, or port-forward is targeting a new pod (e.g. after redeploy).

Check:

kubectl get pods -n your-namespace -o wide
kubectl port-forward pod/EXACT-POD-NAME 5432:5432 -n your-namespace

Verify with:

SELECT current_database(), inet_server_addr();

Compare with previous values (if you noted them).

🚫 3. Postgres is corrupt or misconfigured

If Metabase is erroring out and psql still works but shows zero rows, it may not be corruption—but it’s possible Postgres didn’t boot properly, and the DB is in a weird init state.

Check logs:

kubectl logs pod/your-postgres-pod -n your-namespace

Look for errors like:

• database system was shut down
• FATAL: could not open relation
• PANIC: could not locate

Want to dig into your PVC config or deployment YAML? Can help you quickly trace if this DB is persistent or disposable.

用户问题

kubectl get pods gives deployment-backend-b49ff867b-dztbq 1/1 Running 0 11h deployment-frontend-79786dff4f-k2rhf 1/1 Running 0 41h supertokens-core-5fb5dbf697-h79wl 1/1 Running 0 41h

and the psql port forward works with this command kubectl port-forward svc/stg-postgresql -n postgresql 5432:5432

ChatGPT

That narrows it down—you’re not port-forwarding to a pod, you’re port-forwarding to a service (svc/stg-postgresql) in the postgresql namespace. But your pod list shows no Postgres pod at all—and no pods in that namespace.

❗Problem: No Postgres pod is currently listed

So what’s serving svc/stg-postgresql? Likely nothing—the backing pod is gone, and Kubernetes is silently forwarding to nowhere.

🔍 What to do next:

1. Check the service and what it targets:

kubectl get svc stg-postgresql -n postgresql -o yaml

Look for selector: — it tells you what pods it’s supposed to route to.

1. List pods in the postgresql namespace:

kubectl get pods -n postgresql

I expect: nothing running. That would explain why Metabase errors and psql shows empty or no data—there’s no backing Postgres.

1. Check if the deployment/statefulset exists:

kubectl get deployments,statefulsets -n postgresql

If there’s no deployment or statefulset for Postgres, then:

• It’s been deleted
• Or it crashed and never recovered

1. Optional sanity check: See if any PVCs still exist:

kubectl get pvc -n postgresql

If PVCs exist but no pod is using them, your data might be safe and just needs a new pod reattached.

Bottom line: Your service (stg-postgresql) has no live backend. You’re connecting to a ghost.

Ready to help revive it or inspect its original deployment config.

用户问题

• i’m targeting the correct selector
• deployment/statefulset exists
• PVC exists how do i connect to the actual service instead of a ghost

  ChatGPT

  Perfect—infra’s intact. You’re just port-forwarding incorrectly or to the wrong endpoint. Let’s connect to the real thing.

✅ Step-by-step: Port-forward to the pod, not the service

Services are stable, but only work if they have ready pods. Safer bet: forward directly to the pod behind stg-postgresql.

1. Find the Postgres pod:

kubectl get pods -n postgresql -l app=stg-postgresql

(Substitute app=stg-postgresql with the actual label selector from your service.)

2. Port-forward directly:

kubectl port-forward pod/ -n postgresql 5432:5432

3. Test with psql:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

✅ Alternatively: Use the service IP internally

If you’re already inside the cluster (e.g. in a debug pod or another service):

psql -h stg-postgresql.postgresql.svc.cluster.local -U postgres -d your_db_name

🧠 Bonus sanity check

Confirm service resolves to pod IPs:

kubectl get endpoints stg-postgresql -n postgresql

If this shows no IPs, service is ghosting again. If it shows one or more IPs: all good—then your earlier port-forward may have been racing pod readiness.

Once connected directly, your data should show up as expected. Want help tracing readiness probes or PVC mount paths next?

用户问题

once again there are no resources in the default or postgresql namespace, get pods gives this NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE deployment-backend-b49ff867b-dztbq 1/1 Running 0 11h deployment-frontend-79786dff4f-k2rhf 1/1 Running 0 41h supertokens-core-5fb5dbf697-h79wl 1/1 Running 0 42h

ChatGPT

Got it. Now it’s crystal clear:

Your Postgres pod is gone. The stg-postgresql service still exists, but it points to nothing—hence your “ghost” connection.

🔍 Confirm what’s left:

1. List all namespaces

Postgres might have lived in a now-removed namespace.

kubectl get ns

2. Check for orphaned services:

kubectl get svc --all-namespaces | grep stg-postgresql

If it still shows up in postgresql, but no pods/deployments/PVCs exist in that namespace—then the namespace was partially torn down.

3. Inspect the service selector:

kubectl get svc stg-postgresql -n postgresql -o yaml

Look for:

selector:
  app: postgresql

Then:

kubectl get pods -n postgresql -l app=postgresql

You’ll get nothing, confirming: selector is dangling.

🛠️ How to recover

Option A: Re-deploy Postgres

If you used Helm:

helm list -n postgresql
helm status  -n postgresql

Then redeploy:

helm upgrade --install  bitnami/postgresql -n postgresql

Or if it was deployed manually, check Git or infra-as-code repo for YAML and reapply it.

Option B: Recover PVC data (if persistent)

Check:

kubectl get pvc -n postgresql

If the PVC still exists, the data’s safe. Recreate the Postgres pod and mount that PVC back in under /bitnami/postgresql or whatever path your image expects.

Want to inspect PVC content or rehydrate the deployment? Can guide you step-by-step.

用户问题

i’m pretty sure the postgres is running and data is there as i can see it on the staging website

ChatGPT

Got it, if the data is still live on the staging website, then the Postgres service is running, but the issue likely lies with the connection/port-forward setup.

Here’s the refined plan:

🔍 What we know:

• Postgres is running somewhere (on the staging website, at least).
• The stg-postgresql service exists.
• There are no resources in the postgresql namespace when you check with kubectl get pods—this suggests your Postgres pod might be running under a different namespace or using a non-standard naming convention.

💡 Solution: Trace where Postgres really is

1. Search for the actual Postgres pod across all namespaces

Run this to list all pods across all namespaces and search for something that looks like a Postgres pod:

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces | grep postgres

Look for the correct pod name here. It’s likely in a different namespace, or the pod name is different.

2. Look at the pod’s labels and selectors

Once you identify the correct pod, confirm it’s associated with the service by checking the labels:

kubectl get pod  -o yaml -n 

Look for the labels section—verify that it matches the selector in the stg-postgresql service.

If they match, then stg-postgresql should be able to forward traffic to it, and the issue might just be with the port-forwarding setup.

3. Check pod IP and port-forward

Once you confirm the correct pod and namespace, port-forward directly to that pod:

kubectl port-forward pod/ -n  5432:5432

Then, connect via psql:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

If everything’s working, you’ll be able to see the data!

🧐 Still stuck? Try these checks:

1. Check the actual service endpoint and target pod(s):

kubectl get endpoints stg-postgresql -n 

1. Check logs in your staging container: You could get more clues about where the app is actually pointing for the DB.

kubectl logs  -n 

Let me know what you find! I’ll help you figure out if the issue is with the service, the port-forward, or the connection string.

用户问题

kubectl get pods –all-namespaces | grep postgres yields postgresql stg-postgresql-0 1/1 Running 0 36h

ChatGPT

Great, so stg-postgresql-0 is your Postgres pod, and it’s running in the postgresql namespace. This explains why the service (stg-postgresql) was still active, but you weren’t seeing any pods directly under the postgresql namespace with kubectl get pods -n postgresql—the stg-postgresql-0 pod is a stateful pod, and it likely has a StatefulSet backing it.

Solution: Correct the Port-Forwarding

Since you’ve now identified the exact pod (stg-postgresql-0), you can directly port-forward to it.

Steps:

1. Port-forward directly to the Postgres pod (stg-postgresql-0):

kubectl port-forward pod/stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql 5432:5432

1. Connect with psql:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

You should be able to access the Postgres instance and see your data now.

Bonus: Check if Service is Correct

If you want to double-check that the stg-postgresql service is correctly pointing to the stg-postgresql-0 pod:

kubectl get svc stg-postgresql -n postgresql -o yaml

Ensure the service is targeting the correct pod with the appropriate selectors. If everything looks good, but you’re still having issues with Metabase, it might be worth checking the Metabase connection string as well (port-forwarding directly should work, but it might be timing out or misconfigured in the Metabase settings).

Let me know how it goes!

用户问题

great i can now see the data in metabase, but psql queries still give nothing?

ChatGPT

Nice! It sounds like the connection through Metabase is working, which is a good sign that the database is up and running with the data. However, if psql queries still yield nothing, it’s likely an issue with the way you’re connecting via psql or the permissions/configuration of your psql session.

Let’s troubleshoot:

1. Verify the psql Connection

Double-check the connection string you’re using with psql. For example:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

You can also explicitly set the password if needed:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name -W

Enter the password when prompted.

2. Check Database and Schema

If you’re connected but see no data, verify you’re using the correct database and schema.

First, list all databases:

\l

Then connect to the correct database:

\c your_db_name

Next, list all tables within the current schema:

\dt

Check which schema you’re currently using:

SHOW search_path;

If needed, set the schema manually:

SET search_path TO schema_name;

3. Check Permissions

If psql is connected to the correct database but still sees no data, it could be a permissions issue. Check the current user’s permissions:

\du

Ensure the postgres user (or the user you’re connecting as) has sufficient permissions to access the tables.

4. Check Table Content

Verify that the tables have data. For example:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM your_table;

If COUNT returns zero, the tables are empty, and the issue lies elsewhere.

Bonus: Directly Inspect the Logs

If everything seems correct but issues persist, inspect the Postgres logs for any signs of anomalies:

kubectl logs stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql

Look for any errors or warnings that might indicate connectivity or data loading issues.

Let me know what you find from these steps! I’m sure we’re close to getting everything working.

用户问题

pasting complete psql history here

postgres=# SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MEMBERS postgres-# SHOW search_path postgres-# \du List of roles Role name | Attributes | Member of ———–+————————————————————+———– postgres | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}

postgres-#

ChatGPT

Thanks for pasting that! Based on your history, here’s what stands out:

• The COUNT query on MEMBERS returned nothing—this might mean that the table is empty.
• The search path query didn’t show any results, which means it wasn’t run—perhaps it was omitted by accident.
• The postgres role has superuser privileges, so there’s no issue with permissions.

Let’s dig deeper.

1. Check if the MEMBERS table has data

Run this to check if the table truly has data:

SELECT * FROM MEMBERS LIMIT 10;

This will return the first 10 rows. If you get no rows, the table is empty.

2. Check the current schema and search path

You need to ensure you’re in the right schema. Run:

SHOW search_path;

This will show the schema you’re currently in. If it’s empty or not the correct one, set it explicitly:

SET search_path TO public;

After that, run:

SELECT * FROM MEMBERS LIMIT 10;

This will verify whether the data exists in the public schema or another one.

3. Check if there are other schemas or tables

List all schemas:

\dn

Then, list all tables in all schemas:

\dt *.*

This will ensure you’re seeing everything, even if the table was created in a non-default schema.

4. Check if data exists in other tables

If MEMBERS is empty, check other tables for data:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM another_table_name;

This will confirm if the issue is specific to one table or applies to others as well.

Once you’ve tried these, let me know what results you get, and we’ll take it from there.

用户问题

none of these work and i can see table isn’t empty in metabase

ChatGPT

Thanks for confirming. Since you can see data in Metabase but psql still shows no results, the issue likely lies in one of these areas:

🔑 1. Search Path/Schema Issue

It’s possible that Metabase is using a different schema than psql, which is why you’re seeing the data in Metabase but not in psql.

Check and set the correct schema in psql:

Run:

SHOW search_path;

This will show the schemas that are currently in use. If the correct schema (where MEMBERS resides) isn’t in the search path, you’ll need to set it.

To set the schema to public (or whatever the correct one is):

SET search_path TO public;

Then, try:

SELECT * FROM MEMBERS LIMIT 10;

🔑 2. Check for Case Sensitivity

PostgreSQL is case-sensitive by default. If your table name or column names have uppercase letters (e.g., MEMBERS), you’ll need to quote them in SQL queries.

Try this in psql:

SELECT * FROM "MEMBERS" LIMIT 10;

This will handle the case sensitivity issue if the table was created with uppercase letters in its name.

🔑 3. Inspect psql Client Version

It could be a version mismatch issue where psql is not fully compatible with your Postgres version or there’s some misconfiguration. To check the version of psql:

psql --version

Then verify the Postgres version running in your pod:

kubectl exec -it stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql -- psql -U postgres -c "SELECT version();"

Check if there’s any notable discrepancy in version compatibility.

🔑 4. Verify Data in the Right Database

Make sure you’re in the correct database. If you’re connected to a different database than expected, it could cause this issue.

Run:

SELECT current_database();

This will tell you which database you’re connected to. If you’re not in the correct one, switch databases:

\c your_db_name

🔑 5. Metabase vs. psql Connection Differences

Check if Metabase is using a different user or connection string. If Metabase is connected with a different user or has additional configuration that gives it access to certain data, you might not have the same privileges in psql.

Run this to check the user in psql:

SELECT current_user;

Then, compare it with the user Metabase is using for the connection. If they differ, the issue could be related to user privileges.

Next Steps:

• Set the schema correctly: Make sure you’re using the right schema in psql.
• Verify case sensitivity: Quote the table name if it has uppercase letters.
• Check the user/connection: Compare the user you’re using in psql with the one in Metabase.

Let me know if any of these steps reveal new information!

用户问题

it does warn on start WARNING: psql major version 14, server major version 15. Some psql features might not work.

ChatGPT

Ah, version mismatch—that could be the root cause. PostgreSQL major version 14 (psql) doesn’t necessarily work perfectly with a major version 15 server.

🔑 Why this matters:

Some features, behavior, or optimizations might differ between major versions, and that could explain why you’re seeing data in Metabase (which might be using a more compatible version of psql) but not in your current psql session.

What to do next:

1. Check the available database versions: It might be helpful to ensure that you’re using the exact version of psql that matches your Postgres server (version 15). Let’s verify the server version again from inside the pod:

kubectl exec -it stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql -- psql -U postgres -c "SELECT version();"

This confirms that the server is indeed running version 15, which matches the warning.

1. Upgrade psql (if necessary): To match version 15 on your client side, you can upgrade your psql client to PostgreSQL 15 on your local machine.

• For macOS (Homebrew):

brew upgrade postgresql

• For Ubuntu/Debian:

sudo apt-get install postgresql-client-15

After upgrading, reconnect using the new version:

psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

Or you can explicitly reference the new version if you have multiple versions installed:

/usr/pgsql-15/bin/psql -h localhost -U postgres -d your_db_name

1. Try a direct connection in the pod (debugging): If upgrading psql is not an option or you’d like to test quickly, you can also directly run psql from within the pod to avoid the local client mismatch:

kubectl exec -it stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql -- psql -U postgres -d your_db_name

This bypasses the local psql client and ensures compatibility with the Postgres server version running in the pod.

1. Check if the warning can be ignored: Sometimes, the warning doesn’t stop functionality. If upgrading isn’t an option, you can ignore the warning for now and focus on schema, data, or privileges, but if features break, upgrading is the cleaner solution.

Let me know how it goes:

• If the upgrade to version 15 resolves the issue.
• Or if using the psql inside the pod directly works.

Either way, we should be able to get the data visible in psql again.

用户问题

even with the latest version my queries yield nothing

ChatGPT

Given that you’re still seeing nothing in psql even after addressing the version mismatch, here are some additional things to investigate.

🔍 Let’s run through a few more checks:

1. Verify Database Connection Again

Let’s first ensure you’re connected to the correct database and using the right schema.

1. Check the current database:

SELECT current_database();

If you’re not connected to the correct one, run:

\c your_db_name

1. Check the schema and tables: Ensure you’re querying the right schema. Run:

SHOW search_path;

If it’s not pointing to the correct schema, set it explicitly:

SET search_path TO public;

Then, list the tables:

\dt

Ensure the table you’re trying to query (MEMBERS) is listed here. If not, check if there’s any other schema by running:

\dn

2. Case Sensitivity in Table and Column Names

PostgreSQL treats unquoted table and column names as lowercase. If your MEMBERS table was created with mixed or uppercase letters, you’ll need to quote the name.

Try querying with quotes around the table name:

SELECT * FROM "MEMBERS" LIMIT 10;

3. Check for Data Visibility Issues

It’s possible that data is being hidden due to Row-Level Security (RLS) or similar configurations.

1. Check if RLS is enabled: Run the following query to check if RLS is enabled on the table:

SELECT * FROM information_schema.table_privileges WHERE table_name = 'MEMBERS';

If Row-Level Security is enabled, check the policies applied to the table:

SELECT * FROM pg_policies WHERE tablename = 'MEMBERS';

If RLS is configured, it might be filtering out data based on the user or session.

4. Inspect Data in Metabase vs psql

Since Metabase is able to see the data, let’s investigate how it’s connecting. It might be using a different user, schema, or filtering mechanism that allows it to view the data when psql cannot.

1. Check user: What user is Metabase using to connect? Ensure the user you’re connected to in psql has the same permissions and access. Run this to check your psql user:

SELECT current_user;

Compare that with the user in Metabase’s connection settings.

1. Check table visibility from Metabase: In Metabase, ensure that it’s not applying any filters or permissions that might hide certain data.

5. Check Logs for Anomalies

Check Postgres logs for any errors or warning messages that might provide clues. You can do this by viewing the logs from inside the pod:

kubectl logs stg-postgresql-0 -n postgresql

Look for any unusual entries that might indicate connectivity or permission issues.

Conclusion

At this point, here are the most likely causes:

• Schema mismatch: Double-check the schema you’re querying.
• Case sensitivity: Ensure table/column names match in case.
• RLS or permissions issue: Make sure there are no filters hiding the data in psql.

Try these steps and let me know what you find! If it’s still not working, we’ll dive deeper into the logs or configuration.

用户问题

nevermind, i was not ending the queries with ;

ChatGPT

Ah, classic! 😄 That’ll do it every time. Not ending a query with a semicolon can cause it to silently wait for more input, so it might seem like it’s not returning anything.

Now that it’s working, is there anything else you need help with, or are you good to go?